Management and World Trade Organizations in Global Environment

Question: Discuss about the Management and World Trade Organizations in Global Environment. Answer: Introduction Globalization is the procedure of global integration, which isincreasing from the exchange of world views, goods and services, ideas and the other aspects of customs. Mowforth and Munt (2015) opined that globalization implies the exchange of the markets in the world economy. Markets where globalization is familiar consists the financial markets and commodity markets. Financial markets include the capital markets, credit market, insurance market and the money markets. On the other hand, the commodity market includes the markets of goods and services. In the year of 2000, the international monetary fund (IMF) highlighted four basic characteristics of globalization such as trade and transactions, migration and movement of the people, changing of investment and the capital of an economy, integration of skills and knowledge (Wright 2016). Globalization has brought a large number of advantages from the global sellers as well as the domestic economies. Globalization has provided an incentiv e to the nations, which can be received due to the integration of comparative advantage (McCann and Acs 2015). This study will try to highlight whether the trade boarders are really collapsing after Global financial crisis or not. A global financial crisis is a situation where economic difficulty has been experiencing by the markets and by the customers. Therefore, global financial crisis refers a difficult business atmosphere, which forces the consumers to purchase fewer amounts of goods and services. This situation has sustained until the economic position improves (Rupert and Smith 2016). As a result, global financial crisis has a greater adverse impact on the trade boarders. The global economy has experienced the utmost severe financial crisis in the year of 2008-2009. During this great recession situation, the world trade had decreased massively. This situation was started from the third quarter of 2008 to the second quarter of 2009. However, after the third quarter of 2009, the international economy was started to improve. Therefore, it can be observed that the world trade was also star ted to bounce back (Georgiadis and Mehl 2016). Moreover, this study has also aimed to discuss the reasons behind the massive demonstrations against the globalization at WTO as well as G7 summit. The international trade agreement, which was proposed in the G7 summit, highlighted that an international trade fund would help the comparatively less developed countries to address the environmental changes (Obstfeld 2015). On the other hand, World trade organization has aimed to invest in the capital market of the emerging economy. In addition, international monetary fund- instituted structural adjustment programs were developed in order to boost the export. This would in turn assure the repayment of debts. Impact of Global Financial Crisis on trade boarders It is known that globalization has developed the communication and the countrys economy with the passage of time. In this point, Mr. Pankaj Ghemawat questioned that whether the world is really is as global as it is stated. Mr. Ghemawat questioned that is it globalization or globaloney (Lingard and McGregor 2014). He added that globaloney is associated with the idea, which refers that the globe is highly connected as well as interdependent than the data highlights it to be. As per the statement of Ghemawat, this globaloney would lead to the businesses as well as the governments to neglect the opportunities for the positive changes. These practices can also address the environmental factors or can estimate the rehabilitation trouble facing by European economy. Lindberg and Jtting (2016) opined that Pankaj Ghemawat started his presentation by highlighting the delegates at the Fifth Annual European Investment summit. He mainly questioned how the countries are globalised. What characteristics can be noticed regarding the inter-connectedness? Lastly, Ghemawat also questioned what the effects for Europe are.Todays popular predictions are that world is shrinking day by day. Not only, Stevenson (2014) argued technology is also reducing the distance and national boundary has been rising unnecessarily. On the other hand, Ghemawat showed that apart from this technological advancement, these factors overcome the predictions of small but frictionless world (Stevenson 2014). From the analysis of his primary research regarding globalization, Ghemawat criticized that people are hardly globalised compare to the perception. In this regard, he showed that the percentage of the global telephone calling is only 2%, the percentage of the immigrant citizens in a given nation is 3%. This rate of per cent is actually very lower than the prediction. It can be mentioned that after globalization, this rate requires to be higher. In addition, Potrafke (2015) opined that the percentage of exports compare to the rate of GDP is only 30%. Ghemawat also criticized that most of the people overestimate the rate of percentage under each of these groups in terms of substantial margin. Therefore, Ghemawat stated that this exchange of thoughts and culture is globaloney rather than the globalization (Cheng, Johansen and Hu 2015. Ghemawat also stated that people are not as attached as many predicts due to the law of distance. This will in turn implies that the disparity among several groups of people conclude the capacity and the willingness of several groups of people to interrelate with the others. According to Van Hoaand Harvie (2016), it can be stated that these disparities is based upon several components such as cultural, geographical, administrative or economic. In addition, these differences are compound as well as helpful to describe the limited characteristics of globalization. Pankaj Ghemawat also used maps of trade flows through the borders, where the physical size of the economy can be re-structured as per the necessities for countrys trade. Mr. Ghemawat wrote in his Global 3.0: Global Prosperity and How to Achieve It is that how global the people are? David Livingstone initially asked this question in the year of 1850. He also highlighted that the globe is not flat (Berden, Bergstrand and Etten 2014). When Ghemawat was asked about the advantages of making the world highly globalised, then he replied that Doha added only 0.1 per cent in the countrys GDP. It is quite difficult to be excited for a politician. It will be easier to decouple. Nevertheless, Lauderand Brown (2015) criticised that it is necessary to understand why the benefits are larger compared to the shapes, which get pushed out. One country can be used as an example to get the entire liberalization.In order to the entire liberalization of a merchandised trade; the figures that get churned out are approximately 0.5 per cent. In addition, Asongu and De Moor (2016) supported the words of Pankaj Ghemawat regarding the concept of value creation. Value creation can minimize the cost of production of the goods and services. This would in turn increase the potential quantity gains in globalization. This could effectively make the disparities of absolute cost.On the other hand, the changing of economies of scale cannot be described after globalization. It is one of the important sources of value creation, which tends to get overlooked. Secondly, globalization cannot change the consumers willingness to pay. However, Mitsilegas, Alldridge and Cheliotis (2015) argued that globalization can improve the structure of the industry. At the conference of world trade organization, a Mexican competition commissioner came and talked about the market situation of monopoly and oligopoly in Mexico. Likely, it was not discussed regarding the absence of risk reduction at this conference. After the discussion, it can be inferred that there is no risk in general equilibrium. However, the discussion related to the knowledge creation was missing at the conference of world trade organization. Apart from this flows of products and services, there are flows of capital, flows of information and flows of people (Auer, Borio and Filardo 2017). Therefore, Mr. Ghemawat highlights the benefits of the trade liberalization concept in the book of World 3.0. The GDP rate was increased from 2 per cent to 3 per cent. Nonetheless, as per the service liberalization concept, the rate of GDP was increased from 4 per cent to 5 per cent. As a result, it can be inferred that there are flows compared to the other products and services. People flows were in large volume. Nonetheless, it is noted that the complete liberation of immigration could be able to double the rate of GDP of the world. In this point, Zajda (2015) opined that the global GDP was increased from 3 per cent to 4 per cent. Ghemawat also discussed about the hype of exaggerated level of integration after globalization. As per this concept, it can be mentioned that an economy can increase their benefits through additional integration. Furthermore, Ghemawat has described the usefulness of CAGE model in his book. With this model, one can identify the economical and the geographical differences of the countries. For example, using this model, it can be determined that the labour cost is lower in China (Ivanovand Webster 2013). Anthony Giddens ideas Anthony Giddens is the director of London School of Economics and the professor of Political Science. He stated his view regarding globalisation in the book of Runaway World: How Globalisation is Reshaping Our Lives, which was published in the year of 1999. As per the opinion of Anthony Giddens, it can be mentioned that there are four major dimensions of globalization (Ivanov and Webster2013). He defines that globalization is the intensification of worldwide social connections, which can relate the distant localities. Therefore, local happenings are shaped with the help of events. First dimension can be identified as the world capitalist economy. As per this dimension, Devereux and Yetman (2014) cited that the major centres of power in this world economy could be identified as the capitalists state. It is the main form of production. In addition, the domestic and the international economic policies would be able to highlight different forms of regulation of economic activity. This co uld in turn capable to highlight the wide scope of global functioning of organizational cooperation. Therefore, in this context it can be inferred that the effect of specific state within the global political order can be identified by the level of wealth (Falola 2014). The second dimension of globalization is nation state system. With the help of this concept, sovereignty of an economy can be monitored. Sovereignty can highlight the link, which is associated with the replacement of frontiers by borders in the prior development of nation state process. In this context, it can be mentioned that autonomy within the geographical region is claimed by the condition is sanctioned as it can be identified by the recognition of the territory of different states (Kiely 2016). World military order is the third dimension. Therefore, it can be mentioned that massive destruction power of weaponry would reflect the strength of military. This function can also be observedin the pre modern civilization period. In the opinion of Berden, Bergstrand and Etten (2014), it can be mentioned that third world countries are supposed to be military powerful. During the time of cold war, two most military growth regions such as United States and Soviet Union developed a bipolar method of military alliances of truly global scope. Therefore, it can be inferred that the nations involved in these context effectively accepts the shortcomings over the opportunities and can forget the external independent strategies (Boivinet al. 2014). The fourth dimension was industrial development. The major reason of industrial development was to the expansion of global division of internal labour. This would in turn highlight the disparities among the more and the less industrialised areas within the world. Modern industry is depending upon the division of labour. In addition, it can be stated that development of modern industry is not only depending upon the level of job tasks but also depending upon the regional specialisation such as skill and knowledge of the employees, types of industry and also on the production of the raw materials. Moreover, Fukuzawa (2016) argued that since the Second World War, a major expansion of global interdependence had taken place under the division of labour. The major implication of industrialism is the global diffusion of technology. On the other hand, globalisation in the industrial sector influences the human communication with the material environment (Reese, Rosenmann and McGarty 2015. On the other hand, it can be noticed that the fundamental aspect of globalisation that lies behind each of the institutional dimensions, which have discussed in the above, could be described as the cultural globalisation. Therefore, in this context it can be added that the fifth dimension of globalisation can be identified as the culture (Livermore 2016). The following figure highlights the five major dimension of globalisation in the concept of Anthony Giddens. Globalization deals with the diffusion of thoughts, practices as well as technologies. Anthony stated that globalisation is more than universalization and internationalisation. Therefore, globalisation is not only connected with the westernization or modernisation. In addition, Eppinger and Potrafke (2015) criticised that globalisation is not also related with the liberalisation of markets. Anthony Giddens also explained globalisation as the strengthening of worldwide social relations. This relation can link the distant localities in such a manner that the local happenings can be shaped by organising global events. This will in turn involve the transformation in such a manner that the geography and regions have influenced. Nevertheless, McCann and Acs (2015) argued that globalisation also change the technological behaviour and sometimes it increases risks within the economy. Like Pankaj Ghemawat, Anthony Giddens argued that really people are living across the period of great political, economical or through the social change after globalisation? Globalization has become persistentin the countrys politics, however, its widespread utilisation can be described as a current phenomenon (Weiss 2014). On the other hand, Anthony showed that sceptics of the conceptcriticised that the degree of the global incorporation had highly exaggerated. These were nothing fundamentally new regarding the globalisation. As a result, the global trading markets, exchange of the currency, mass migration and the global cosmopolitan culture would be affected. Moreover, other important side of globalisation was hyberglobalizers (Georgiadisand Mehl 2016). In this context, Anthony Giddens questioned that whether hyperglobalizers trumpeted a world of the dramatic transition as well as new global dynamics. Therefore, it can be inferred the corporations and the use of technologies dominate that world. Here, government had not such real power and the residents of a country did not have faith in the traditional politics (Eppinger and Potrafke 2015. In this purpose, Giddenscriticised that this argument is now associated with the trend of the past.Therefore, more specifically, it can be mentioned that this argu ment is now related with the consequences of globalisation, however, is not related with the reality of globalisation (Lingard and McGregor 2014). As per the concept of todays globalisation debate, all aspects have been transferred in a fundamental way. Presently, Anthony highlighted that the world has been experiencing cross border trade in case of the transaction of physical commodities. Therefore, it can be observed that the trade in service as well information has been increasing day by day (Janks 2014. The end of poverty movement In the year of 2005, the G8 summit in Gleneagles, Scotland, was covered by political factors and issues.The major issue related with the end of poverty was primary attraction of the G8 summit discussion. Globalisation also focused to the mitigation of the end of poverty of the world. In this context, the macroeconomic solutions would be able to change the entire economic situation. On the other hand, the concept of degrowth was explained with the help of micro economic solutions (Cheng, Johansen and Hu 2015). These solutions are benefitted to motivate the citizens. In addition, the public officials, corporations, other educational institutions can address the core causes of poverty. Corporate globalisation is not the ideal approach to mitigate the poverty of the world. This was the greater insight in case of the demonstration against World Trade Organisation in 1999 and also against the G8 in Genoa in the year of 2001 and Annemasse in 2003. End of poverty movement is indirectly related with the trade not aid strategy. According to Rupert and Smith (2016), trade not aid strategy is depending upon the principles, which stated that if the developing nations were capable to trade more freely with the wealthy nations, the developing nations would be capable to earn higher income (Mowforth and Munt 2015). These countries would be less dependent on the external aids in order to carry the development projects. Therefore, it can be inferred that international trade would increase incomes as well as standard of living of the poor and underdeveloped countries. They can develop their economy by selling the goods to the rich countries. As a result, it can be mentioned that t his trading relationship between the developed and the underdeveloped nations can increase the economic performance of the countries (Lindberg and Jtting 2016). This will in turn mitigate the poverty of the less developed nations. This relationship can be explained with the help of the poverty reduction theory. Therefore, trade between the countries can boost up the economy and the export of the less developed countries will be improved. On the contrary, Van Hoa and Harvie (2016) argued that most developed and wealthy nations impose higher rate of tariff on the products, which are exported by the developing and the underdeveloped nations. In this context, it can be stated that in order to sell the products in developed nations, exporters in the developing nations require to pay high tax. This will in turn make an effect on the pricing structure of the goods and services after they enter into the market. Developed nations subsidize their own sector to set the domestically produced products low, thereby; this will sustain competition from the poorer nations. From this point, it can be mentioned that tariff or quota in case of world trade increase the differentiation. As a result, the level of poverty will be increased in the developing countries. For example, it can be illustrated that Middle Eastern nations suffer from average clothing tariffs by 15 per cent on the $4.2 billion in case of export to United States in ea ch of the year. In addition, Lauder and Brown (2015) opined that as per the constitution of progressive public policy, the Middle Eastern nations exports lower volume of merchandise to United States compared to France due to the higher rate of tariff. As a result, United States charged higher rate of tax on clothes compared to the manufactured products. This has created difficulties to the developing nations, where clothing is supposed to be a primary export industry. According to Asongu and De Moor (2016), openness and trade liberalisation are the major components of national policy, which are necessary to identify the economic growth and the aggregate economic well being. Moreover, poverty is the greatest failure of contemporary global economy and it is identified as the greatest challenges of 21st century. The procedure of trade liberalisation could have caused the poverty. If trade liberation and poverty can be estimated, then trade liberalisation can be measured as the major economic shocks.Liberalisation of type a will have the effect of type b. Moreover. Poverty impacts will base upon why people are poor to start with (Berden, Bergstrand and Etten 2014). As per the UN Millennium projectreport, trade liberation is the poor countries undermine the poverty reduction. There is a negative relationship between the trading situation and neo liberalism. However, Mitsilegas, Alldridg and Cheliotis (2015) argued that higher rate of tariff increase the debt within the country. This will in turn make the country poorer from the previous. In addition, it can be stated that international monetary fund and world bank stop to impose the free market policies. Therefore, the profitability earning from the business will be declined and the level of poverty will be increased with respect to the other countries. The people will suffer from income inequality. Moreover, it can be stated that the GDP growth rate of the countries will be decreased. Nevertheless, Auer, Borio and Filardo (2017) argued that there is a negative relationship between the globalisation and poverty. In this connection, Harrison wrote in his book is that developing countries are growing after globalisation within the global trading system. However, world poverty level has been falling with the passage of time. Therefore, it can be added that the poor people do not gains from trade. In addition, Ivanov and Webster (2013) cited that the abundance of unskilled labour do not get the advantage from the trade reform.Poor are willing to share in the benefits from globalisation when they get the maximum mobility. In addition, it can be noticed that growths in countrys export and the incoming foreign investment have decreased the poverty in each of the country such as Poland, Mexico after globalisation. However, Auer, Borio and Filardo (2017) criticised that in the country like Indonesia, the rate of poverty was increased by 50 per cent after arising the situation of currency crisis in the year of 1997. The relationship between the globalisation and poverty concludes that this relationship is based not only on trade or financial globalisation but also on the connection of globalisation with the remaining economic environment. Reese, Rosenmann and McGarty (2015) added that labour legislation can protect the rights in the developing nations. These legislations are benefitted to adjust the cost structure and also reflect the labour force benefits from globalisation in the short run. Lastly, it can be mentioned that the unskilled employees of developing countries will get the opportunity from glob alisation by increasing the demand for the labour intensive product (Devereux and Yetman 2014). Therefore, cross country study highlights that globalisation is accompanies by rising of inequality within the developing nations, which will in turn decrease the poverty. Conclusion The major concern of this study is that after globalisation, countrys economy has been growing. It introduces massive development in the capital market. The communication between the countries has increased. In addition, countrys trading situation has also improved. With the help of world trade, one country can boost up the economy. As a result, the rate of GDP has improved. The exporters get the benefit to increase their revenue earning. This implies that the standard of living of the country has increased. In a synopsis, it can be mentioned that after globalisation, the world is getting smaller in terms of greater communication, relationships and also in terms of conducting better decision making procedure. The world is becoming shrinking.However, Mr. Pankaj Ghemawat questioned that whether the people are really globalised? He argued that this changing of the world is associated with the concept of globaloney. Similarly, Anthony Giddens also criticised that after globalisation, peo ple of the countries have been suffering from several political, economical and social factors after globalisation. Lastly, it can be inferred that after global financial crisis, trade boarders are collapsing. Therefore, world financial market has been suffering from risks. Due to higher flow of capital among the nations, the countries will suffer from unfair and immoral income distribution. Recommendation Global economic incorporation is associated with the insufficient global governance. In the close economy, the governmental power can shape the countrys economic performance. However, it can be observed that after globalisation; most of the countries have lost the policy space. Therefore, it can be recommended that global governance requires to assure a balance national policy space along with the international policy cooperation. Global governance will be able to accelerate the domestic economy; will balance between the markets and the governments. Moreover, the global governance needs to control and manage the entire process wisely in favour of the markets. It is necessary to focus to the global governance reform in the G20 summit. In addition, it can be recommended that the global governance can adopt a broader perspective on the threat spectrum. References Asongu, S.A. and De Moor, L., 2016. Financial globalisation dynamic thresholds for financial development: evidence from Africa. The European Journal of Development Research. Auer, R., Borio, C.E. and Filardo, A.J., 2017. The globalisation of inflation: the growing importance of global value chains. Berden, K., Bergstrand, J.H. and Etten, E., 2014. Governance and globalisation.The World Economy, 37(3), pp.353-386. Boivin, N., Crowther, A., Prendergast, M. and Fuller, D.Q., 2014.Indian Ocean food globalisation and Africa.African Archaeological Review, 31(4), pp.547-581. Cheng, Y., Johansen, J. and Hu, H., 2015. Exploring the interaction between RD and production in their globalisation.International Journal of Operations Production Management, 35(5), pp.782-816. Devereux, M.B. and Yetman, J., 2014. Globalisation, pass-through and the optimal policy response to exchange rates.Journal of International Money and Finance, 49, pp.104-128. Eppinger, P. and Potrafke, N., 2015. Did Globalisation Influence Credit Market Deregulation?.The World Economy. Falola, T., 2014.Transnationalisation, denationalisation and deterritorialisation: contemporary cultures in the context of globalisation. The Social Contract in Africa, p.5. Fukuzawa, R.E., 2016. of Teachers Unions and the Politics of Education in Japan (SUNY Press, 2001), International Education Policy in Japan in an Age of Globalisation and Risk (Global Oriental, 2013) as well as numerous articles on Japanese education and language policy. Malcolm Cooper teaches tourism management and environmental law at. The Impact of Internationalization on Japanese Higher Education: Is Japanese Education Really Changing?,22, p.231. Georgiadis, G. and Mehl, A., 2016. Financial globalisation and monetary policy effectiveness.Journal of International Economics, 103, pp.200-212. Ince, A., Featherstone, D., Cumbers, A., MacKinnon, D. and Strauss, K., 2015. British jobs for British workers? Negotiating work, nation, and globalisation through the Lindsey Oil Refinery disputes. Antipode, 47(1), pp.139-157. Ivanov, S.H. and Webster, C., 2013. Globalisation as a driver of destination competitiveness. Janks, H., 2014, January. Globalisation, diversity, and education: A South African perspective. In The Educational Forum (Vol. 78, No. 1, pp. 8-25).Taylor Francis Group. Kiely, R., 2016.Questioning the Rise of the South I: Economic Globalisation and US Power. In The Rise and Fall of Emerging Powers (pp. 43-60). Springer International Publishing. Lauder, H. and Brown, P., 2015.Economic globalisation, skill formation, and development. Lindberg, C. and Jtting, J., 2016. Gender, Globalisation and Economic Development in Asia.Border Crossings: Grenzverschiebungen und Grenzberschreitungen in einerglobalisierten Welt, 42, p.135. Lingard, B. and McGregor, G., 2014. Two contrasting Australian Curriculum responses to globalisation: what students should learn or become. Curriculum Journal, 25(1), pp.90-110. Livermore, D.M., 2016. Globalisation of antibiotic resistance.Microbiology Australia, 37(4), pp.198-201. McCann, P. and Acs, Z.J., 2015. Globalisation: Countries, cities and multinationals. Global Entrepreneurship, Institutions and Incentives: The Mason Years, 45, p.371. Mitsilegas, V., Alldridge, P. and Cheliotis, L. eds., 2015.Globalisation, criminal law and criminal justice: theoretical, comparative and transnational perspectives. Bloomsbury Publishing. Mowforth, M. and Munt, I., 2015.Tourism and sustainability: Development, globalisation and new tourism in the third world. Routledge. Obstfeld, M., 2015.Trilemmas and trade-offs: living with financial globalisation. Potrafke, N., 2015. The evidence on globalisation.The World Economy, 38(3), pp.509-552. Reese, G., Rosenmann, A. and McGarty, C., 2015. Globalisation and global concern: Developing a social psychology of human responses to global challenges. 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Bill M. Beverly Essays (840 words) - Demography, Ageing,

Bill M. Beverly 0235193 English 101-F2 Short Essay Living to Die When it comes to getting older, scientists have tried to help people beat their inevitable destiny of old age. Scientific research shows the progress of extending human life using some of the newest medical science known to man. However, research also shows the regression of extending human life , especially the elderly. There are plenty of reasons why scientists should not succeed with anti-aging research to help the elderly . A few of these reasons are population increase, medical treatment cost, and generational chaos. In discussing the increase in population, this topic can be both positive and negative. Talking about the negative aspect brings up the issue of overpopulation on this planet. With the ever-increasing population, earth has only so much land with which to build. As people are born daily, the number of inhabitants grows exponentially. If the elderly is not passing on, where will the newborns grow, live , and work? The current working age has been raised from the age of 65 to 67. If scientists can extend human life, what will this mean for the younger working class? The elderly w ill choose not to retire at the mandatory retirement age. This choice w ill cause a gap in the generations to come . Who would then be accountable to pay for their retirement and medical expenses if they choose to live longer? Consequently, scientists should not succeed with anti-aging research to help the elderly because of the increasing of the population . The cost of medical treatment is already unaffordable. Add that to the new science of extending human life , and this becomes a bigger issue. Nursing homes, living facilities, and senior communities all have high cost and high burden to those elderly who still live including their respective families. The U.S. government cannot afford to pay for all the elderly that survive long after their expected death should occur. On top of this, the cost being spent on the medical research to extend human life is a number which cannot be calculated for normal people to comprehend . People think of life extension as a means of living forever, but realistically , people will eventually die. Families of loved ones in nursing homes would cherish the idea of their relative living a long healthy life , but , however loath the idea of the cost to keep them alive. Furthermore , modern medicine is used to help the elderly live longer even with an incur able illness. This concept will cause chaos throughout the generations to come. Therefore, s cientists should not succeed with anti-aging research to help the elderly due to the cost of medical treatment . The families of loved ones will suffer through the generational chaos which will be created when scientists succeed in extending human life. Nature always takes care of itself when people try to change how the planet naturally works . Dr. S. Jay Olshansky states "the evolutionary theory of senescence can be stated as follows: while bodies are not designed to fail, neither are they designed for extended operation". With that said, the society of the elderly will live on not allowing the younger generation to take charge in the workforce. With no passing down of experience and information , generations will suffer, work experience will be lacking, and the retirement age will once again be raised but this time to a much higher number than 67. If one person cannot learn a specific craft that is passed down from father to child, or senior to junior, then the craft itself will suffer due to older people remaining in th at particular craft. T h ere are companies that exist because of the generational passing down of specific crafts . How can the younger generation then learn the necessary knowledge which is handed down to fulfill their profession ? As a result, s cientists should not succeed with anti-aging research to help the elderly because of the generational chaos it will produce . P opulation increase, medical treatment cost, and generational chaos are just a few of the reasons why scientists should not succeed with anti-aging research to

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How you relate to a fictional character essays Many fictional characters are based on fantasies of what we want or wish we were like. Some have great powers, while others are just rich or famous. It is this wish of wanting what we do not have, or cannot be, that brings about some of the greatest heroes in our imagination. Many younger generations look towards television, and one of the most popular among boys is Goku, the main character in the hit anime Dragonball Z. Goku is the main character, and hero of the hit anime television show Dragonball Z. In the show, he is the most powerful fighter on Earth and the first being to become a Super Saiyan in over one thousand years. When other Saiyans arrive, Goku learns of his mysterious past. He learns that he is a Saiyan formerly named Kakarot. Goku was sent to Earth as a baby to grow up and destroy the planet, but a head injury scrambled Gokus natural thought processes. Instead of growing up to become a destructive destroyer of worlds, he became pure of heart, fighting for the good of the Earth. Goku had one of the largest families in the entire series. Mostly everyone who belonged to it were great fighters, or at least known by many great fighters. His father was a Saiyan named Bardock, and was great fighter. He was also the man who found out that Frieza planed to destroy the planet Vegeta, which is the Saiyan home world. He sent Goku away at first, but soon after, he regretted the decision, and wanted to meet with Goku again, but was killed by Frieza. Throughout his life, Goku did a lot of training, and this was the secret to his incredible strength. Whenever his friends or family were in any harm or danger, he would train his body even harder, pushing himself to his limits, gaining new levels of power. He didnt become a great fighter on his own though. Many people took Goku under their wing, and trained him to be adept in the martial arts. When Goku was a young boy, his Grandfather Gohan trained him. When he had...

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UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITES - Essay Example In addition to its aesthetic beauty of multicoloured carbonate roofs and floors dark-coloured lava walls, fortress-like Seongsan Ilchulbong tuff cone, rising out of the ocean and a dramatic landscape, is Jeju Volcanic Island and Lava Tubes contains an unequalled quality of Geomunoreum lava tube system. In addition the magnificent exhibition of diverse and accessible volcanic features is an excellent tourism attraction as it provides exhilarating beauty as well as understanding of global volcanism. Jeju Volcanic Island and Lava Tubes is declared to be a Unesco World Heritage site in June 27, 2007and is therefore protected by the convention on world heritage. Being such, the Tourism Organization controls it under cultural heritage administration. The issues that confront Jeju Volcanic Island and Lava Tube are management and administration issues of avoiding the potential impact of agriculture on the underground environment of the Lava Tube. Another concern is also to limit the number of visitors to the property to avoid its degradation. The property might also be extended to include other significant lava tube systems and volcanic features of Jeju that may be discovered in the future. I will visit this site. I am intrigue how could a volcano has a beautiful landscape with matching waterfalls. It may be a nice place to relax because it is nature at its finest. Perhaps it will also be a good place to understand volcanoes as it will show the most intricate lava system in the

Civil Liberties Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Civil Liberties - Essay Example He was instructed by Supreme Court to put down his website after being convicted of murdering police officials (Salakhan n.p). Such measure was taken to ensure that opinions of judiciary were not influenced by external factors and remained bias-free. However, restricting free flow of information and only making limited facts available results in ineffective decisions. Depriving Al-Amin from his right of speech also gives rise to a probability that a general American is susceptible to abuse of power by authorities. It also raises a question if having different opinions (even unethical ones) makes infringement of freedom of speech legitimate. United States Courts have been visibly clear about what a free speech means. According to their version, freedom of speech includes not to speak, usage of black armbands by students, use of offensive words and phrases to convey political messages, contribution of money for political campaigns, advertising commercials products and to engage in symb olic speech. On the other hand, inciting actions that would harm others, making and distribution of obscene material would not be included in freedom of speech (â€Å"What Does Free Speech† n.p). ... The argument is constructed on a premise that Al-Amin’s speech was for political motives and collection of financial resources; and a dissemination of print material to general public via web. If the court considers use of web by Al-Amin to disseminate offensive material, their jurisdiction may appear valid under the laws governing censorship of web which is a restriction on availability of information that government considers to inappropriate (â€Å"Freedom Online† n.p). However, socialists perceive such restriction as an infringement of civil liberties. It is important to note that such restrictions would only reflect doctrines of those in power, having an impact on civil liberties. Furthermore, an imposition of authority results in lesser expression of one’s thoughts. Observing definition of permissible speech and its corroboration with criticism on censorship on web, it can be seen that Supreme Court’s decision of depriving Jamil Al-Amin of expressing his opinion was an infringement of basic civil liberties. A critical analysis of these theoretical concepts indicates that infringement of civil liberty of a single citizen can be extended and replicated on others’ case as well. In Jamil’s case, the Supreme Court deprived him of expressing his opinion and also gathering funds for his cause which is also a classification of freedom of speech under Supreme Court’s definition (â€Å"What Does Free Speech† n.p). The first amendment itself celebrates difference of opinion and considers it a right of every American to express themselves while restricting Congress to cause any infringement. Such interference gives an undue dominance to state

Features of Effective Communication in Healthcare

Features of Effective Communication in Healthcare Laura Abayomi This essay shall discuss the act of communication as it relates to the health care industry. Communication is described as the act of sending and receiving information and this could either be verbal, non verbal or written. Communication in the Health care industry is very vital for effective health care delivery. This need cannot be over emphasized in that it is the only means by which appraisal can be made to determine the level of performance and success of both the health professional and the establishment. There are different methods of communication suitable for different range of situations for example, under verbal, in order to effectively communicate with the blind and partially sighted patients, there is the need to use large print fonts size to enable them read without further strain to the eye Information that is being communicated via the written format should be legible and accurate especially for people with sight difficulty. The use of Braille, audiotapes, electronic text can be very helpful. Health care organisations such as NHS also make use of telephone and voice mail when booking and confirming appointments in order to effectively communicate with this and other group of people. Patients with hearing difficulties can be assisted by making available written material that convey information and also the use of BSI and text phone could be very helpful. Signs, symbols, gestures and body language can also be used in this situation. Communicating with individuals with impaired speech could pose some form of challenge however; technological aid such as a special computer in which the patient can type in their thoughts or feelings and this message will then be spoken out loud can be used. Patients with learning disability can be supported through their care givers and also by using illustrations, videos and audio tape and pictured pamphlets. People whose first language is not English could find it difficult communicating in a care setting. For this set of individuals, language translator and the use of audio and videotapes that addresses that individuals need can be of immense help. Communication is considered as the act of transferring information between two or more individuals. It is like two way traffic. For communication to be said to have taken place, information must have been exchanged that is, the sender and the receiver must have benefited mutually. There are many factors that constitute a barrier to communication, among these are; Language: This could be a serious barrier to communication. There is the need for both the sender and the receiver to understand each other in order for communication to be effective and to avoid misunderstanding. Environment: The environment in which communication takes place matters a lot and determines how effective the communication will be for example, carrying out conversation or trying to pass on information in a crowded and noisy ward could be quite distracting and this could act as a barrier. The use of Jargons is another factor that constitutes a barrier to communication for example, when professionals use technical jargons or unfamiliar and overcomplicated terminologies when dealing with patients. Experience has revealed that when health practitioners use medical terminologies that the patient is not used to, communication will not be effective and this could even lead to confusion and misunderstanding Culture is another aspect that could be a form of barrier to communication for example, in some culture it is deemed as inappropriate for a male health practitioner to relate in any capacity with a female patient and this could be a barrier. Also, some matters are considered taboos in some cultures therefore communicating such matters could be difficult to the person concerned Emotional factors such as anger, stress or even ill health could act as a barrier to communication for example, the emotional state of mind of the receiver at the time the information is being relayed will determine if the massage is understood or accepted. Also excessive shyness could act as barrier to communication because this could prevent the patient from expressing him or herself clearly. Barriers to communication can be overcome by addressing each barrier as it relates to the situation and environment one is dealing with which in this case is the health sector. Language as a communication barrier is prevalent among individuals from the ethnic minority whose first language is not English. This group of people may find it difficult to communicate and express themselve adequately. To overcome this barrier, it is best to get a language interpreter and translator. Also leaflets and picture pamphlets can be used. Overcoming environmental barrier to communication can be achieved through creating an atmosphere that is free of external distractions such as noise; when this cannot be effectively controlled, Individuals and organisations can adopt the use of earplugs and earphones in order to cut out outside noise. Health practitioners should avoid the use of difficult terminologies and medical jargons when dealing with patients to avoid misunderstanding and confusion. Speaking in simple English or the agreed mode of communication will help eradicate communication barrier. Inability to read could be a barrier to communication and this may be due to poor sight or too small letters (fonts) or illegibility of printed materials. To overcome this barrier, audio and video tapes as well as vocal interpretation can be used. Printed materials with large fonts will help alleviate the difficulty and promote good communication Hearing Difficulties: This form of challenge can be taken care of by using of BSL and text phones. Learning disability could be a barrier to communication. To overcome this, illustrations, videos and audio tapes can be used to simplify and make communication better. From the tone of the first response, one can sense cheerfulness because of the sing song tone of the voice. The message that comes across to the listener is that of a satisfied patient. The second voice sounds angry. This deduction is due to the sharp and abrupt tone of response to the greeting. The signal that comes across is that of a dissatisfied and angry patient. This anger could be the result of lack of adequate care given. The third tone evidenced an emotional tone. It reveals that of a person with a broken spirit which may be due to a loss or having received bad news concerning a diagnosis such as Cancer. Having considered the different tone of voice, it can be concluded that words as a medium of communication is the outward or verbal expression of what a person is actually thinking or feeling and this feeling can be interpreted in different ways judging from the tone of voice and response to even simple greetings. â€Å"Out of the abundance of the heart, the mouth speaks (The Bible,NKJV). The health professional’s approach to these different responses will differ. While the individual with the angry tone will be approach with caution, the other two tones are more welcoming however; they all need our understanding, re-assurance and empathy. The Oxford dictionary defines empathy as â€Å"the ability to understand and share the feelings of another† (oxford dictionary 2015). This definition of empathy is very important in the health care sector because it truly mirrors how the health practitioner’s role should be seen and carried out. The ability to feel another person’s pain as if it is yours is a virtue that is essential in efficiently carrying out ones role as a health practitioner. The patient or family member that comes to the hospital is in most cases at a very vulnerable state and needs all the support and understanding they can receive at this time. The ability to do this can only happen if the practitioner can understand and puts himself in the place of the patient. Evidence has shown instances where care practitioners have failed in doing this for example, the Winterbourne case where â€Å"vulnerable people were mocked and even tortured by the very staff that should have been supporting them†. (BBC news) At the end, eleven workers from the care home were convicted and six were sent to prison Another example that made headlines was the Stafford Hospital case in which it was revealed through the help of hidden cameras how patients were rough handled, treated without dignity and left unattended to for hours and some were â€Å"left sitting on their own urine†( the guardian 2015) The failure to listen empathically by people from whom this virtue is expected can be ascribed to several reasons. Firstly, it is best to understand that the ability to empathise can come naturally as an instinct or could also be learnt as a skill and through life experiences. While some people find it easy to show empathy, others find it a struggle and a challenge. Though this is a skill that is required in this sector, some practitioners lack it both as a skill and as an instinct. Empathy emanates from truly listening to and giving of one’s time but when the professional is constrained for time, he or she may be distracted and thus be able to understand the patient’s pain. The inability or failure to listen to others empathically could be the result of the individual’s upbringing such as growing up in a home devoid of outward show of emotions or empathy or may be due to some psychological disorder such as â€Å"antisocial personality disorder† or ASPD (psych central 2015) Confidentiality is an essential part of the act of communication. In large establishments such as NHS, there are sets of rules or policy put in place to protect the privacy of patients. The health care sector as a people centered organisation is built on trust therefore, there is the need for the patient to know for certain that every information that he or she has divulged in moments of vulnerability is handled with utmost care and used solely for the purpose for which it was given. It is therefore the responsibility of the health care practitioner to safeguard information that is given. Personal medical records are of enormous importance and should be so treated; however; statistics has revealed breeches in NHS data record. According to big brother watch; â€Å"between 2011 to 2014, there have been at least 7,255 breaches†. (Big Brother watch 2015) The list of breeches includes: â€Å"At least 103 instances of data loss or theft. At least 206 instances of data being shared inappropriately via e-mail, letter or fax. At least 251 instances of data being inappropriately shared with a third party† (Big brother watch 2015) The breech of a patient’s confidentiality could lead to lack of trust in the system. The consequence of broken confidentiality can be far reaching in that it affects not just the patient, but the institution and the individual through which the breech was committed. It will cause the patient to lose faith in the system and may want to press charges and take legal proceedings against the health organisation and this could be costly and will affect the public image of the health organisation. Also, records have revealed that disciplinary actions have been taken against the individuals that have been found guilty of breeching confidentiality laws and some have been sacked from their jobs and some of them prosecuted. (Big brother watch 2015) There are instances where it is permissible to break confidentiality. In situations where the person divulging the information is perceived by the health practitioner as a possible threat either to himself or to someone else for example, if the person is suicidal or has revealed that a crime has been committed or there is the intention of committing one it is therefore the responsibility if the practitioner to break confidentiality and report the matter to the appropriate authority. (Answers.com 2015) Besides the need for privacy and confidentiality, the need for a thorough record keeping in the health care setting is crucial for several reasons; 1. Records serve as Proof and evidence of medical procedure and medication that has been carried out on a patient. It helps to further Continuity: In a hospital setting were drugs are administered, proper record should be kept so that the next practitioner that takes over will know what sort of medication had been administered to a patient. Record keeping also helps scientists in their medical research to evaluating precedence in patient treatment and their reaction to drug and medication. In conclusion, man as a social being had learnt to rely on each other through the ages and to do this; there is the need to communicate. The desire to meet this need has evolved from sheer words of mouth to include more sophisticated means and channels of transferring and receiving information thanks to modern technological advancement which has helped in no small measure in reducing the barriers which had hindered communication in the past. Communication as one of the underlying aspect of human existence can be said to be dynamic and forward looking in its evolution and now includes other aspects such as record keeping for the sake of posterity, confidentiality and empathy. In the health care sector, these aspects of communication are paramount in effectively carrying out ones role as a professional. References: Bbc.co.uk, (2015). [online] Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-2277304 [Accessed 24 Jan. 2015]. Answers.com, (2015).When can confidentiality be broken. [online] Available at: http://www.answers.com/Q/When_can_confidentiality_be_broken [Accessed 24 Jan. 2015]. Belsten, L. (2015).Can Empathy Be Learned?. [online] The-iseiblog.com. Available at: http://the-iseiblog.com/communication-skills/can-empathy-be-learned/ [Accessed 24 Jan. 2015]. Bigbrotherwatch.org.uk, (2014).New Report: Patient confidentiality broken 6 times a day | Big Brother Watch. [online] Available at: http://www.bigbrotherwatch.org.uk/home/2014/11/new-report-patient-confidentiality-broken-6-times-day.html [Accessed 24 Jan. 2015]. Nugent, H. (2012).Care home worker jailed for abuse of 89-year-old caught on hidden camera. [online] the Guardian. Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/society/2012/aug/29/care-home-worker-hidden-camera [Accessed 24 Jan. 2015]. Oxforddictionaries.com, (2015).Oxford Dictionaries. [online] Available at: http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/ [Accessed 24 Jan. 2015]. Matthew 12:34 The Holy Bible, The new king James version. Psych Central.com, (2015).Antisocial Personality Disorder Symptoms. [online] Available at: http://psychcentral.com/disorders/antisocial-personality-disorder-symptoms/ [Accessed 24 Jan. 2015].

Course Objectives and Learning Outcomes Essay

Online gaming is big business these days, with thousands of people connected to each other every minute. Games like Call of Duty and World of Warcraft connect massive numbers of players, sending both data and voice communications back and forth in real-time. In a 1-2 page paper, discuss HOW the data gets sent from a computer or gaming system to the computer/gaming system of all of the people with whom one is playing. Specifically, focus on the local exchange interfaces – access, regional, metro, long haul and ocean networks. Include in your paper a diagram showing the communication, labeling any important stops along the way (central offices, repeaters, etc.) Note: You don’t have to list EVERY repeater you’d need, but be creative and show that you understand the process. Submission Requirements Submit a 1-2 page Word document; double-spaced; Times New Roman 12 pt font. Cite all sources used. Local Exchange Online gaming is big business these days, with thousands of people connected to each other every minute. Games like Call of Duty and World of Warcraft connect massive numbers of players, sending both data and voice communications back and forth in real-time Considering that video game consoles are almost computers; then it is clear that they can communicate as  computers does; and that is through TCP/IP networks. Therefore, it is possible to exchange data between gaming consoles. But let’s examine the aspects that are involved on this process. First, there is a physical connection running between two computers that want to connect. This could be phone lines that run from houses to switches to other houses that the phone company lets dial to each other. Or it could be network cables going to hubs and other computers. Or it could be cable lines running to fiber optic lines, through routers. Or it could be radio waves that computers can broadcast and receive. Second, there is a physical device that connects the computer to the network of lines he is communicating over. It could be a modem, a network card, a radio transmitter, or a router. Third, there is a set of software that allows the computer to send data across this network. There are a lot of layers to this software. At the top level, the computer sends some type of â€Å"packet† of data to the device and across the network. Typically, this is a TCP/IP packet. This basically tells you what the format of the data has to be, and what pieces of software computers need to have to send this kind of data. Finally, at the game layer, the game determines what other computer it needs to connect to, sends a request to the network device to establish the connection, and then sends data to the device so it can be sent. The network layer, when it receives data on a given connection, doesn’t just store it, it sends it on to the application who has the connection. So the connection is essentially between two applications. Focusing on the physical access; the possibility that data can be send to players around the globe is all thanks to the infrastructure of telecom companies. Starting with the local access, which is provided by the local telephone companies (Local Exchange Carriers). These entities are responsible for ensuring the necessary access to the network and the reliable transportation of the information. The Local Exchange Carriers provide the interface for  the users to connect to the internet. Behind the scene, the network access plays a vital role in this process; which is the part of the network that reaches the end users and â€Å"connects them†. This services are brought to the consumer through a cabling link between the consumer and the Local Exchange. This network pf cabling is also referred as â€Å"Distribution Network† At the transportation level, the data is handled by the regional/metro networks (MAN) is responsible for aggregating information from the local exchanges of a specific service provider and sending that information to the regional and long haul/core network. A regional network is responsible for aggregation of information from metro networks. It is typically the last point before information traffic is put onto the core network. Core network is responsible for transporting large amounts of information from metro and regional networks in one part of the geography over very long distances to the regional and metro networks of another part of the geography. An important part of the infrastructure are the ocean networks; these are the most demanding and technically advance networks in existence. There are a multitude of optical fiber cables underwater connecting continents and countries together; therefore, vital for internet communications. As you may imagine, there a multitude of devices and equipment involved within each network to make all this process (data exchange) possible.